Design and validation of the digital well-being scale

Authors

  • Jain Mathew CHRIST University
  • Sridevi Nair CHRIST University
  • Roseline Gomes CHRIST University; Jyoti Nivas Autonomous College
  • Ankita Mulasi CHRIST University
  • Preksha Yadav CHRIST University; CMR Institute of Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1970-2221/16365

Keywords:

well-being, digital, scale development, online

Abstract

As the reliance on digital products and services continue to increase, there arises the need to measure and understand how the use of digital devices affects our well-being. In order to do so, the researchers attempted to create and validate an instrument. The items for the instrument were identified through an extensive review of literature, followed by a brainstorming session. The statements were then validated by a panel of experts, post which the instrument was administered, and the data was collected and analyzed for reliability and validity. The final instrument  returned a Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.921, indicating high reliability. The validity of the instrument was also established through a confirmatory factor analysis.

References

Alexandrova, A. (2015). The science of well-being. In G. Fletcher (Ed.)The Routledge handbook of philosophy of well-being, (pp. 389–401). Routledge.

Barros, C., & Sacau-Fontenla, A. (2021). New insights on the mediating role of emotional intelligence and social support on university students’ mental health during COVID-19 pandemic: Gender matters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412935

Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 41, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001

Briciu, V. A., & Briciu, A. (2021). Social media and organizational communication. In Encyclopedia of organizational knowledge, administration, and technology (pp. 2609-2624). IGI Global.

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020) American time use survey. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm (accessed Aug. 2020).

Buxton, O. M., Pavlova, M., Reid, E. W., Wang, W., Simonson, D. C., & Adler, G. K. (2010). Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes, 59(9), 2126-2133. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0699

Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system: Architecture and operating characteristics. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 8, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00031

Charoensukmongkol, P. (2018). The impact of social media on social comparison and envy in teenagers: The moderating role of the parent comparing children and in-group competition among friends. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0872-8

Chukwuere, J. E., & Chukwuere, P. C. (2017). The impact of social media on social lifestyle: A case study of university female students. Gender and Behaviour, 15(4), 9966-9981. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-c1e3ae5f6

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. J. Happiness Stud. 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1

DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage Publications.

Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Soc. Indic. Res. 40, 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006859511756

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. J. Pers. Assess. 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Drouin, M., Reining, L., Flanagan, M., Carpenter, M., & Toscos, T. (2018). College students in distress: Can social media be a source of social support?. College Student Journal, 52(4), 494-504.

Fleck, J., & Johnson-Migalski, L. (2015). The impact of social media on personal and professional lives: An Adlerian perspective. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2015.0013

Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., & De Neve, J. E. (2020). World Happiness Report 2020. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Available online at: http://worldhappiness.report/ (Retrieved 23 December, 2023)

Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addiction Research & Theory, 15(3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701350247

Kansky, J. (2017). Benefits of well-being: Health, social relationships, work, and resilience. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 129-169.

Kafaee, M., Ansarian, Z., Taqavi, M., & Heidari, S. (2021). Design for well-being: The fourth generation of technology development. Technology in Society, 67(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101775

Kearns, A., & Whitley, E. (2019). Associations of internet access with social integration, wellbeing and physical activity among adults in deprived communities: Evidence from a household survey. BMC Public Health 19, 860. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7199-x

Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002). Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Archives of general psychiatry, 59(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131

Layard, R. (2010). Measuring subjective well-being. Science, 327, 534–535. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186315

Lee, C., Kuhn, I., McGrath, M., Remes, O., Cowan, A., Duncan, F., … & Lafortune, L. (2022). A systematic scoping review of community‐based interventions for the prevention of mental ill‐health and the promotion of mental health in older adults in the UK. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(1), 27-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13413.

Lee, W. S., & Oguzoglu, U. (2007). Well-Being and Ill-Being: A bivariate panel data analysis (IZA Discussion Paper No. 3108). IZA. Available online at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1029914 (Retrieved 23 December, 2023).

Lee, D. S., & Way, B. M. (2021). Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health, 16, 100300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100300

Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., ... & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331.

Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M., & Nandagiri, R. (2019). Children's data and privacy online. Growing up in a digital age: An evidence review. LSE Media and Communications. http://www.lse.ac.uk/my-privacy-uk

Ong, Z. X., Dowthwaite, L., Perez Vallejos, E., Rawsthorne, M., & Long, Y. (2021). Measuring online wellbeing: A scoping review of subjective wellbeing measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 511, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616637

Pogue, D. (2013). Out with the real. Scientific American, 308(2), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0213-29

Rasmussen, B., Dunning, T., Hendrieckx, C., Botti, M., & Speight, J. (2013). Transition to motherhood in type 1 diabetes: Design of the pregnancy and postnatal well-being in transition questionnaires. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-54

Renshaw, T. L., Long, A. C. J., & Cook, C. R. (2015). Assessing teachers' positive psychological functioning at work: Development and validation of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire. Sch. Psychol. Q. 30, 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000112

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

Schueller, S. M., Muñoz, R. F., & Mohr, D. C. (2013). Realizing the potential of behavioral intervention technologies. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 16, 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413495872

Shapira, N., Barak, A., & Gal, I. (2007). Promoting older adults' well-being through Internet training and use. Aging Ment. Health 11, 477–484. doi: 10.1080/13607860601086546

Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763-773.

Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., et al. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 5:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63

Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychother. Psychosom. 84, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585

Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., ... & Chinapaw, M. J. (2017). Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)–terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8

Vgontzas, A. N., Liao, D., Bixler, E. O., Chrousos, G. P., & Vela-Bueno, A. (2009). Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep, 32(4), 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.4.491

Weng, L., & Menczer, F. (2015). Topicality and impact in social media: Diverse messages, focused messengers. PloS one, 10(2), e0118410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118410

Woods, S. P., Iudicello, J. E., Morgan, E. E., Cameron, M. V., Doyle, K. L., Smith, T. V., ... & Corkran, S. (2016). Health-related everyday functioning in the internet age: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders disrupt online pharmacy and health chart navigation skills. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(2), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv090

Downloads

Published

2023-07-03

How to Cite

Mathew, J., Nair, S., Gomes, R., Mulasi, A., & Yadav, P. (2023). Design and validation of the digital well-being scale. Ricerche Di Pedagogia E Didattica. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 18(1), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1970-2221/16365

Issue

Section

Articles